老司机直播

graduate student Jason Rajsic, postdoctoral fellow Eric Taylor and Professor Jay Pratt of psychology (photo by Diana Tyszko)

Didn't see that stop sign? 老司机直播 researchers examine the invisible world of human perception

Stage magicians are not the only ones who can distract the eye: a new cognitive psychology experiment from the University of Toronto demonstrates how all human beings have a built-in ability to stop paying attention to objects that are right in front of them.

We see much less of the world than we think we do

Perception experts have long known that we see much less of the world than we think we do. A person creates a mental model of their surroundings by stitching together scraps of visual information gleaned while shifting attention from place to place. Counterintuitively, the very process that creates the illusion of a complete picture relies on filtering out most of what鈥檚 out there.

In a paper published in the journal a team of 老司机直播 researchers reveal how people have more 鈥渢op-down鈥 control of what they don鈥檛 notice than many scientists previously believed.

鈥淭he visual system really cares about objects,鈥 says postdoctoral fellow J. Eric T. Taylor, who is the lead author on the paper. 鈥淚f I move around a room, the locations of all the objects 鈥 chairs, tables, doors, walls, etc. 鈥 change on my retina, but my mental representation of the room stays the same.鈥

Objects play fundamental role in how we focus our attention

Objects play such a fundamental role in how we focus our attention that many perception researchers believe we are 鈥渁ddicted鈥 to them; we couldn鈥檛 stop paying attention to objects if we tried. The visual brain guides attention largely by selecting objects 鈥 and this process is widely believed to be automatic.

鈥淚 had an inkling that object-based attention cues require a little more will on the observer鈥檚 part,鈥 says Taylor. 鈥淚 designed an experiment to determine whether you can 鈥榚rase鈥 object-based attention shifting.鈥

Taylor put a new twist on an old and highly influential test known as a 鈥渢wo-rectangle experiment.鈥 The original experiment was instrumental in demonstrating just how deeply objects are ingrained in how we see the world.

In the original experiment, test subjects stare at a screen with two skinny rectangles. A brief flash of light draws their attention to one end of one rectangle 鈥 say the top end of the left rectangle. Then, a 鈥渢arget鈥 appears, either in the same place as the flash, at the other end of the same rectangle, or at one of the ends of the other rectangle.

Observers are consistently faster at seeing the target if it appeared at the opposite end of the original rectangle than if it appeared at the top of the other rectangle 鈥 even though those two points are precisely the same distance from the original flash of light.

The widely accepted conclusion was that the human brain is wired to use objects like these rectangles to focus attention. Alternately referred to as a 鈥渂ottom-up鈥 control or a 鈥減art of our lizard brain,鈥 object-based attention cues seemed to evoke an involuntary, uncontrolled response in the human brain.

New element added to research: colour

Taylor and colleague鈥檚 variations added a new element: test observers went through similar exercises, but they were instructed to hunt targets of a specific colour that either matched or contrasted with the colour of the rectangles themselves.

鈥淭hey activate a 鈥榗ontrol setting鈥 for, say, green, which is a very top-down mental activity,鈥 says Taylor. 鈥淲e found that when the objects matched the target colour, people use them to help direct their attention. But when the objects were not the target colour, people no longer use them 鈥 they become invisible.鈥

Test observers are aware of the rectangles on the screen, but when they鈥檙e seeking a green target among red shapes, those objects no longer affect the speed with which they find it. In everyday life, we continually create such top-down filters, by doing anything from heeding a 鈥淲atch for children鈥 sign to scanning a crowd for a familiar face.

鈥淭his result tells us that one of the ways we move attention around is actually highly directed rather than automatic,鈥 Taylor says. 鈥淲e can鈥檛 say exactly what we鈥檙e missing, but whatever is and is not getting through the filter is not as automatic as we thought.鈥

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