Space / en Supermassive black hole mergers could be explained by dark matter: Study /news/supermassive-black-hole-mergers-could-be-explained-dark-matter-study <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Supermassive black hole mergers could be explained by dark matter: Study</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-08/SupermassiveBinaryBlackHoles_crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=KsORTgPY 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2024-08/SupermassiveBinaryBlackHoles_crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=FWV7Vizw 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2024-08/SupermassiveBinaryBlackHoles_crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=1OBxOsCR 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-08/SupermassiveBinaryBlackHoles_crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=KsORTgPY" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2024-08-06T11:35:00-04:00" title="Tuesday, August 6, 2024 - 11:35" class="datetime">Tue, 08/06/2024 - 11:35</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>A visualization of two supermassive black holes in orbit around each other (image by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Noble; simulation data, d'Ascoli et al. 2018)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/chris-sasaki" hreflang="en">Chris Sasaki</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/breaking-research" hreflang="en">Breaking Research</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/department-physics" hreflang="en">Department of Physics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/research-and-innovation" hreflang="en">Research and Innovation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">A team of researchers that includes a ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ postdoc may have solved the "final parsec problem" of astrophysics<br> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>A team of astrophysicists that includes the University of Torontoā€™s <strong>Gonzalo Alonso-Ɓlvarez</strong> has shown that pairs of supermassive black holes can merge together into a single, larger black hole ā€“ a major breakthrough in addressing what is known as the "final parsec problem."</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-left"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2024-08/Gonazalo-Alonso-Alvarez-crop.jpg" width="300" height="399" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>Gonzalo Alonso-Ɓlvarez (supplied image)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>The longstanding astrophysics problem refers to a discrepancy between the detection of gravitational signals permeating the universe ā€“ which astrophysicists previously hypothesized had emanated from millions of merging pairs of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) ā€“ and theoretical simulations which showed that the approach of SMBHs stalls when theyā€™re roughly one parsec (about three light years) apart.</p> <p>Not only did the final parsec problem conflict with the theory that merging SMBHs were the source of the gravitational wave background, it was also at odds with the theory that SMBHs ā€“ each billions of times more massive than our Sun ā€“ grow from the merger of less massive black holes.</p> <p>The new research, <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.021401">published in <em>Physical Review Letters</em></a>, has shown that pairs of SMBHs can indeed break through the one-parsec barrier and merge into a single black hole. This is demonstrated by calculations showing that SMBHs continue to draw closer because of previously overlooked interactions with particles within the vast cloud of dark matter surrounding them.</p> <p>ā€œWe show that including the previously overlooked effect of dark matter can help supermassive black holes overcome this final parsec of separation and coalesce,ā€ says Alonso-Ɓlvarez, a post-doctoral fellow in the department of physics at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ā€™s Faculty of Arts &amp; Science and the department of physics and Trottier Space Institute at McGill University, who is first author on the paper. ā€œOur calculations explain how that can occur, in contrast to what was previously thought.ā€</p> <p>SMBHs are thought to lie in the centres of most galaxies. When two galaxies collide, the SMBHs fall into orbit around each other; as they revolve around each other, the gravitational pull of nearby stars tugs at them and slows them down, causing them to spiral inward toward a merger.</p> <p>Previous merger models showed that when the SMBHs approached to within roughly a parsec, they begin to interact with the dark matter cloud or halo in which they are embedded. These models indicated that the gravity of spiraling SMBHs throws dark matter particles clear of the system.</p> <p>The new model introduced by Alonso-Ɓlvarez and co-authors&nbsp;<strong>James Cline</strong>, a professor at McGill University and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, and <strong>Caitlyn Dewar</strong>, a graduate student at McGill, reveals that dark matter particles interact with each other in such a way that they are not dispersed.&nbsp;The density of the dark matter halo remains high enough that interactions between the particles and the SMBHs continue to degrade the SMBHā€™s orbits ā€“ clearing a path to a merger.</p> <p>ā€œThe possibility that dark matter particles interact with each other is an assumption that we made, an extra ingredient that not all dark matter models contain,ā€ says Alonso-Ɓlvarez. ā€œOur argument is that only models with that ingredient can solve the final parsec problem.ā€</p> <p>The background hum generated by these colossal cosmic collisions is made up of gravitational waves of much longer wavelength than those&nbsp;first detected in 2015&nbsp;by astrophysicists operating the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). Those gravitational waves were generated by the merger of two black holes, both some 30 times the mass of the Sun.</p> <p>The background hum has been detected in recent years by scientists operating the Pulsar Timing Array. The array reveals gravitational waves by measuring minute variations in signals from pulsars, rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit strong radio pulses.</p> <p>In addition to providing insight into SBMH mergers and the gravitational wave background signal, the new result also provides a window into the nature of dark matter. ā€œOur work is a new way to help us understand the particle nature of dark matter,ā€ says Alonso-Ɓlvarez. ā€œWe found that the evolution of black hole orbits is very sensitive to the microphysics of dark matter and that means we can use observations of supermassive black hole mergers to better understand these particles.ā€</p> <p>For example, the researchers found that the interactions between dark matter particles they modeled also explains the shapes of galactic dark matter halos.</p> <p>ā€œWe found that the final parsec problem can only be solved if dark matter particles interact at a rate that can alter the distribution of dark matter on galactic scales,ā€ says Alonso-Ɓlvarez.</p> <p>ā€œThis was unexpected since the physical scales at which the processes occur are three or more orders of magnitude apart. Thatā€™s exciting.ā€</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Tue, 06 Aug 2024 15:35:00 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 308819 at In photos: Under cloudy skies, ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ community gathers to experience near-total solar eclipse /news/photos-under-cloudy-skies-u-t-community-gathers-experience-near-total-solar-eclipse <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">In photos: Under cloudy skies, ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ community gathers to experience near-total solar eclipse</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse016-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=Qfa8irLd 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse016-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=dHqulp4i 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse016-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=95G0iI6b 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse016-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=Qfa8irLd" alt="2024 Solar eclipse as seen from the University of Toronto Mississauga campus"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2024-04-09T10:22:01-04:00" title="Tuesday, April 9, 2024 - 10:22" class="datetime">Tue, 04/09/2024 - 10:22</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>The April 8 solar eclipse in the skies over ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Mississauga, where the clouds parted just in time to give watch party attendees a thrilling spectacle (photo by Nick Iwanyshyn)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/shauna-rempel" hreflang="en">Shauna Rempel</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-secondary-author-reporter field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/adina-bresge" hreflang="en">Adina Bresge</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/utogether" hreflang="en">UTogether</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/dunlap-institute-astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/st-george" hreflang="en">St. George</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/u-t-mississauga" hreflang="en">ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Mississauga</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/u-t-scarborough" hreflang="en">ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Scarborough</a></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Skies darkened and temperatures dropped as the solar eclipse swept across the University of Torontoā€™s three campuses Monday, bringing community members together to marvel at the celestial spectacle.&nbsp;</p> <p>Hundreds of community members gathered outside and donned safety glasses to gaze skyward in hopes of witnessing the eclipse from the three campuses, which were adjacent to the path of totality. Others tuned into <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRx3EScfqgc">a livestream hosted by ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ā€™s Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.</p> <p>While gathering clouds obscured the sun around Greater Toronto, the skies cleared just in time to give a lucky few a clear view of the rare astronomical alignment&nbsp;ā€“ including those who gathered for <a href="https://www.utm.utoronto.ca/main-news/utm-mark-rare-solar-eclipse-public-campus-viewing-party">a free viewing party at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Mississauga</a>.</p> <p>Hereā€™s how the day unfolded through the lenses of photographers at the university:</p> <hr> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/ECLIPSE-2024-07-crop.jpg?itok=aITSK3p3" width="750" height="464" alt="darkness sets in at the University of Toronto St. George front campus during the 2024 solar eclipse" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(photo by Matthew Volpe)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>On ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ā€™s&nbsp;St. George campus, hundreds pulled out their phones to capture the CN Tower as the city lights pierced through a blackened mid-day sky.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse015-crop.jpg?itok=hnvxu1Tk" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(photo by Nick Iwanyshyn)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>Clouds gave way to clear skies at just the right moment for hundreds of people gathered at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Mississauga to witness the solar eclipse.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse020-crop.jpg?itok=LMscJ5G5" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(photo by Nick Iwanyshyn)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>While Mississauga was not in the path of totality, the near-total eclipse turned the sky slate grey and deep blue, while a chill in the air cooled the warm spring day.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/GKqs1A6W8AAazec.jpg?itok=rm33A386" width="750" height="563" alt="Moon's shadow as seen from the University of Toronto Scarborough campus" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(photo by Dan Weaver)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>At ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Scarborough, community members convened outside the Science Wing as overcast skies loomed over the Ma Moosh Ka Win Trail.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse006-crop.jpg?itok=kDXAG4n_" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(photo by Nick Iwanyshyn)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>A station set up by &nbsp;<strong>Vera Velasco</strong>, a ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Mississauga plant physiologist at Growth Facilities&nbsp;research greenhouse and growth chambers, walked attendees at the viewing party through an experiment tracking how the eclipse impacts photosynthesis.&nbsp;As the eclipse occurred, Velasco and fellow researchers also showed its colours using a spectrometer.&nbsp;</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse004-crop.jpg?itok=KvgLc3OH" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(photo by Nick Iwanyshyn)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>Astronomer&nbsp;<strong>Marta Bryan</strong>, an assistant professor in ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Mississaugaā€™s department of chemical and physical sciences,&nbsp;spoke to the crowd about the science behind the solar eclipse, complete with a demonstration from some of the younger audience members playing sun, moon and Earth.&nbsp;</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/0408UTMEclipse008-crop.jpg?itok=JyfYlH--" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(photo by Nick Iwanyshyn)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>While it's possible to see a total solar eclipse from somewhere on Earth every few years, it will be another 120 years before viewers in southern Ontario are treated to an eclipse as total as the one on April 8. "It's truly a once-in-a-lifetime event for all of us," Bryan says.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <div class="align-center"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-oembed-video field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><iframe src="/media/oembed?url=https%3A//youtu.be/JEoi0DEO4xQ%3Fsi%3DfDIuvLVrSvUl-yX_&amp;max_width=0&amp;max_height=0&amp;hash=-Ca6h1qvKZFtzkZEnO1NogCMptF5ouNwxW2kFO_qhAU" width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" loading="eager" title="Watch the #SolarEclipse at #UTM in 15 seconds! ā›…ļøšŸŒ’"></iframe> </div> </div> <h3><a href="/news/total-solar-eclipse-cosmic-marvel-be-shared-loved-ones-keeping-indigenous-teachings">Read a Q&amp;A with astrophysicist Laurie Rousseau-Nepton about Indigenous perspectives on the eclipse&nbsp;</a></h3> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Tue, 09 Apr 2024 14:22:01 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 307380 at Total solar eclipse is a cosmic marvel to be shared with loved ones ā€“ in keeping with Indigenous teachings /news/total-solar-eclipse-cosmic-marvel-be-shared-loved-ones-keeping-indigenous-teachings <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Total solar eclipse is a cosmic marvel to be shared with loved ones ā€“ in keeping with Indigenous teachings</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-04/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=156dba40&amp;itok=0Z7OREOK 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2024-04/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=156dba40&amp;itok=63ybL8SC 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2024-04/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=156dba40&amp;itok=jfpPe7eT 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-04/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=156dba40&amp;itok=0Z7OREOK" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2024-04-05T16:27:49-04:00" title="Friday, April 5, 2024 - 16:27" class="datetime">Fri, 04/05/2024 - 16:27</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>Laurie Rousseau-Nepton, an&nbsp;assistant professor in ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ā€™s David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics and the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics,&nbsp;says sheā€™s planning to experience the eclipse alongside a sea of spectators at Montrealā€™s Parc Jean-Drapeau (supplied image)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/adina-bresge" hreflang="en">Adina Bresge</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/dunlap-institute-astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/eclipse" hreflang="en">Eclipse</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/indigenous" hreflang="en">Indigenous</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">"It will probably take 100 years before we get to see another one,ā€ says astrophysicist Laurie Rousseau-Nepton of ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ā€™s Dunlap Institute"</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>University of Toronto astrophysicist&nbsp;<strong>Laurie Rousseau-Nepton</strong>&nbsp;is brimming with anticipation for her first total solar eclipse.&nbsp;</p> <p>As eager as she is to witness the celestial spectacle on Monday, Rousseau-Nepton says sheā€™s equally as excited to share in the communal awe of people coming together to marvel at the cosmos.</p> <p>An assistant professor in the Faculty of Arts &amp; Scienceā€™s David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics and Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, Rousseau-Nepton says sheā€™s planning to experience the eclipse alongside a sea of spectators at Montrealā€™s Parc Jean-Drapeau.</p> <p>ā€œWeā€™re all going to be there experiencing this ā€“ most of us for the first time, and maybe for the only time in our lives,ā€ she says. ā€œIt will be so special not only for me, but for everybody that will be there.ā€</p> <p>Rousseau-Nepton recently spoke to&nbsp;<em>ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ News</em>&nbsp;about this rare astronomical alignment, the scientific opportunities it presents and Indigenous knowledge about eclipses.</p> <hr> <p><strong>What makes this eclipse special?</strong></p> <p>The upcoming eclipse on April 8th&nbsp;is a total solar eclipse that will be visible in the south part of the country close to major city centres. That means a lot of people will be able to see a total solar eclipse, which is extremely rare. It will probably take 100 years before we get to see another one.</p> <p>We are very lucky on Earth. Our moon is just about the right size and distance to create this beautiful little display. When the moon is positioned between us and the sun, it will block out the light ā€“ and for a few minutes, it will be completely dark. Weā€™ll see things that we never see normally: stars during the day, some planets as well, and the sunā€™s corona.</p> <p>This eclipse is also happening close to the maximum of the sun cycle. The sun has a magnetic cycle that lasts about 11 years, and the maximum is expected to be in 2025. That means thereā€™s going to be more sunspots, more solar eruption and people who are able to see auroras in the North will get to see some beautiful displays.</p> <p>If weā€™re really lucky and thereā€™s a solar eruption at the same time, weā€™ll be able to see features of the sun beyond the corona. Itā€™s a little bit like winning the lottery. It might not happen, but it is possible.</p> <p><strong>What are some of the scientific opportunities this eclipse presents?</strong></p> <p>During totality, the moon will block the sunlight completely ā€“ youā€™ll still be able to see the moon, but itā€™ll look slightly different.</p> <p>The light that will be visible on the surface of the moon is actually the light that first bounces on the Earthā€™s atmosphere, then goes back onto the moon and back to us. So that light is ultimately light from the Earthā€™s atmosphere glow. Thatā€™s something we can study by pointing instruments at the moon in that moment to get a glimpse of the Earthā€™s glow and measure it.</p> <p><strong>What does Indigenous Knowledge tell us about eclipses?</strong></p> <p>In the Innu community, we have this hero called Tshakapesh ā€“ he is known as the man on the moon. After a long life full of adventures, he ended up on the moon and thatā€™s where he is now, looking at us. In one story, Tshakapesh was hunting and trapping when he felt like something was following him. He wanted to trap it, so he put a snare where the snow had melted on a very defined path. And the next morning, the sun got trapped into it. That story is closely related to a lunar eclipse of the sun, when the moon is slightly farther away from us, so we see a line of light around the sun during totality. That line of light represents the snare that Tshakapesh used to capture the sun. The story also involves animals that release the sun ā€“ and during the eclipse, we can see some constellations and stars that represent the spirits of those animals.&nbsp;</p> <p>Across Canada, in many Indigenous stories the eclipse is often a sign of peace. For the Haudenosaunee, the Great Law of Peace was signed by the Six Nations during a total solar eclipse nearly 1,000 years ago. The eclipse is also related to Grandmother Moon, the Skywoman that came down to Turtle Island. During the eclipse, Grandmother Moon meets with someone from her family, so itā€™s a special moment that they get to see each other for a few hours before leaving again for a long time. Itā€™s seen as a great time for reunion, peace and spending time with your family.</p> <p><strong>What are your tips for viewing the eclipse?</strong></p> <p>First, we want to protect our eyes and the best way to do that is with solar eclipse glasses ā€“ and you want to be careful with which ones you buy to make sure theyā€™re certified.</p> <p>If you want to take photos of eclipse, you might be able to get good images during the moment of totality because the lack of sunlight will create a lot of contrast. But during the partial eclipse, the intense sunlight can cause significant glare that will make it hard to see all the details. A good trick is to put those solar eclipse glasses in front of the lens of your camera, which will dampen the amount of sunlight coming in so you can better capture the eclipse.</p> <p>As for location, it might be nice to have some elevation because the eclipse generates a shadow that you can see from up high. If you really want to see the total eclipse, I would suggest to be mobile in a car, or any way you can move to another place if a cloud comes by. But ultimately, I would say the most important thing is to experience the eclipse with people you love. So, wherever you are, itā€™s fine.</p> <h3><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcTTHlLA9C0&amp;ab_channel=DunlapInstitute">Watch a video about Indigenous perspectives on the eclipse</a></h3> <h3><a href="https://my.alumni.utoronto.ca/s/731/form-blank/index.aspx?sid=731&amp;gid=1&amp;pgid=22396&amp;cid=36766&amp;ecid=36766">Register for the Dunlap Instituteā€™s eclipse livestream&nbsp;</a></h3> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Fri, 05 Apr 2024 20:27:49 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 307235 at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ astrophysicist offers tips for enjoying April 8 solar eclipse /news/u-t-astrophysicist-offers-tips-enjoying-april-8-solar-eclipse <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ astrophysicist offers tips for enjoying April 8 solar eclipse</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-04/IMG_3578-story-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=qxoKxvKu 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2024-04/IMG_3578-story-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=Y9PPxGyj 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2024-04/IMG_3578-story-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=sgOhzwhF 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-04/IMG_3578-story-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=qxoKxvKu" alt="UTSC students wearing solar eclipse glasses"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2024-04-01T10:01:04-04:00" title="Monday, April 1, 2024 - 10:01" class="datetime">Mon, 04/01/2024 - 10:01</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>Special eclipse glasses are a must for looking safely at the sun ā€“&nbsp;particularly in Toronto, which will be just outside the path of the total eclipse on April 8 &nbsp;(photo by Don Campbell)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/don-campbell" hreflang="en">Don Campbell</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/u-t-scarborough" hreflang="en">ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Scarborough</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">"The further you travel towards the central line of the total eclipse, the longer you will be able to experience it"</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Being in the path of a total solar eclipse is rare. Since itā€™s only visible across a thin stretch of the Earthā€™s surface, it only happens once every 375 years on average.&nbsp;</p> <p>While Toronto will only get a partial eclipse on April 8, a total eclipse will be viewable just a short distance from the city.&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œIf you have the chance to take the day off to go and see it, I strongly encourage you to do so,ā€ says&nbsp;<strong>Hanno Rein</strong>, an astrophysicist at the University of Toronto. ā€œIt's a rare event and it's worth it.ā€&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Writer <strong>Don Campbell</strong> spoke to Rein, an associate professor in the&nbsp;department of physical and environmental sciences&nbsp;at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Scarborough,&nbsp;for his advice on the best locations to watch the total eclipse, tips for safe viewing and why it promises to be a memorable event for millions.</p> <hr> <p><strong>&nbsp;Why do you think we are so captivated by a solar eclipse?</strong></p> <p>The rarity of an eclipse makes it very special. Beyond that, it'll be completely dark in the middle of the day. If that is not captivating, I'm not sure what is!</p> <p><strong>What can those in Toronto expect to see on April 8?</strong></p> <p>Toronto will only get a partial eclipse, which is still very exciting ā€“&nbsp;but itā€™s very different from seeing a total eclipse.&nbsp;Even one per cent of sunlight is still very bright so you wonā€™t see prominences in the sun's corona, which are the loops of plasma that extend out from its surface, or stars in the sky.&nbsp;</p> <p>If you want to see a total eclipse in Toronto, you will be out of luck. The next one takes place in 2144.</p> <p><strong>Where can we view a total eclipse?&nbsp;</strong></p> <p>If you live in Toronto, you will need to travel.&nbsp;Burlington is the first city south-west of Toronto where you can see the total eclipse for a few seconds. The further you travel towards the central line of the total eclipse, the longer you will be able to experience it. Buffalo is almost exactly on the central line and totality will last there for about four minutes.&nbsp;</p> <p>Port Hope is the first town east of Toronto where you can see the total eclipse for a few seconds. In Kingston you can see the total eclipse for about two minutes. If you make it across the border to Watertown, N.Y., by 3:25 p.m., then you will experience a total eclipse for about four minutes.</p> <p>Iā€™ve made a map that shows where and when the eclipse shadow will take place over the GTA. I also created <a href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/2024-eclipse-live/id6480014046">a&nbsp;free app</a>&nbsp;that calculates accurate timing of the eclipse and what it will look like based on your location.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-04/Hanno_EclipseMap-embed.jpg?itok=DJ4ubDC7" width="750" height="542" alt="Map showing the path of the eclipse through souhern ontario" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>This map created by ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Scarborough astrophysicist Hanno Rein charts the eclipse shadow across southern Ontario.</em></figcaption> </figure> <p><strong>What should we do to safely view the eclipse?</strong></p> <p>Do not look directly at the sun. I canā€™t emphasize that enough. You can do permanent damage to your eyes if you do. If youā€™re in Toronto, you will need eclipse glasses at all times to safely look at the sun. Sunglasses, even if they are very dark, or other home-made filters, are not safe.&nbsp;</p> <p>Some places, like the Toronto Public Library, are handing out glasses for free.&nbsp;At&nbsp;ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Scarborough, we handed out 1,000 pairs over the past month to students, staff and faculty, but unfortunately, we are all out. You can also buy glasses online, but make sure not to get ripped off. Glasses selling for more than $3 or $4 per pair are a scam.</p> <p><strong>Do you have any other tips for viewing the eclipse?</strong></p> <p>I recommend&nbsp;not&nbsp;taking pictures during the eclipse because it will be over quickly. Just relax and enjoy the experience. There will be millions of people taking photos and many people will be using fancy camera gear, so there will be plenty of photos online to appreciate afterwards.</p> <p>Be sure to check the forecast. You might be able to travel to an area with no clouds.&nbsp;For this time of year in the GTA there is a 60 to 70 per cent chance of cloud coverage. If there are clouds, it will still get very dark, but you wonā€™t see the corona (outermost part of the atmosphere around the sun) during totality, which is disappointing.&nbsp;</p> <p>Roads and public transit will likely be very busy, so pack some drinks and food and head out before sunrise to beat the traffic. Try not to stand on a busy road because drivers will be distracted during the eclipse.&nbsp;Itā€™s also possible that streetlights might turn on, so try to find an area where there are no streetlights.</p> <h3><a href="https://my.alumni.utoronto.ca/s/731/form-blank/index.aspx?sid=731&amp;gid=1&amp;pgid=22396&amp;cid=36766&amp;ecid=36766">Register to watch the Dunlap Instituteā€™s livestream of the eclipse</a></h3> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Mon, 01 Apr 2024 14:01:04 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 307165 at 'A black box in astronomy knowledge': PhD researcher probes the earliest stars in the universe /news/black-box-astronomy-knowledge-phd-researcher-probes-earliest-stars-universe <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">'A black box in astronomy knowledge': PhD researcher probes the earliest stars in the universe</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-03/Astronomy-on-Tap-2023-130-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=qnIBf4vm 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2024-03/Astronomy-on-Tap-2023-130-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=MPZkmyQq 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2024-03/Astronomy-on-Tap-2023-130-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=YZ4K9qyl 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-03/Astronomy-on-Tap-2023-130-crop.jpg?h=81d682ee&amp;itok=qnIBf4vm" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2024-03-26T14:20:25-04:00" title="Tuesday, March 26, 2024 - 14:20" class="datetime">Tue, 03/26/2024 - 14:20</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>PhD researcher Margaret Ikape presents at the Astronomy on Tap T.O. event (photo by Alicia Richardson)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/michael-pereira" hreflang="en">Michael Pereira</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/dunlap-institute-astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/graduate-students" hreflang="en">Graduate Students</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">Margaret Ikape is working to determine the properties of the first stars and how they influenced everything that followed</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>As a child, <strong>Margaret Ikape</strong> had a prime view of the stars from her hometown of Lagos, Nigeria.</p> <p>ā€œWhen I was really young, I saw a shooting star. And that got me looking up at the night sky a lot more,ā€ Ikape says. She recalls thinking: ā€œCan I count all the stars? Can I really go to a star? What would it be like if I could really go to a star? How long would it take?ā€</p> <p>Today, Ikape is still looking at stars with the same curiosity, albeit ones that are much farther away. <a href="https://astro.utoronto.ca/~ikape/">A PhD researcher</a>&nbsp;at the University of Torontoā€™s Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics and David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, sheā€™s working to tell the story of the first stars in the universe, and how they influenced everything that followed.</p> <p>Theory predicts that ultraviolet light from the first stars was so powerful that it ionized ā€” or split ā€” some of the first hydrogen atoms back into protons and electrons. This period of cosmic history is known as the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). During this time, the first stars and galaxies began to form, and with them, the universe as we know it today.</p> <p>Ikape is working to determine the properties of these first stars, like how big they were and how long the reionization took. ā€œThat period is like a black box in astronomy knowledge. We know it happened, because the universe is ionized today, but we donā€™t know many details about it,ā€ Ikape says.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-03/060915_CMB_Timeline300-crop.jpg?itok=uilAbd6Z" width="750" height="540" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>A representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.77 billion years (image by NASA / WMAP Science Team)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>Current optical telescopes cannot see back far enough to capture the EoR, so Ikape uses thousands of computer simulations to reimagine it and test theories in a kind of virtual sandbox shaped by what we know of the universe. Some of these simulations require significant processing power and must be run through the ā€œHelenā€ computing cluster, named after renowned Canadian astronomer&nbsp;<a href="https://www.astro.utoronto.ca/about/history/helen-sawyer-hogg/"><strong>Helen Sawyer Hogg</strong></a>.</p> <p>Ikape also learns about the EoR by studying the first light emitted in the universe, the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). As light from the CMB travels to Earth, it passes through all that is between us and the point in cosmic history at which the CMB was emitted, approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Ikape can isolate how light from the CMB was impacted by the EoR and analyze it to tell us more about this time.</p> <p>ā€œMargaretā€™s work connects models and simulations of how the first stars in the universe lit up and ionized the surrounding gas with our observations of the cosmic microwave lightā€”so she is the detective piecing the story together,ā€ says Associate Professor <strong>RenĆ©e Hložek</strong>, Ikapeā€™s PhD supervisor.</p> <p>Ikape has forecasted that a new generation of telescopes will unlock more details about this mysterious period and the universeā€™s first stars, including the Simons Observatory and the fourth-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background experiment, or CMB-S4. She co-authored research that predicts that the CMB-S4 will help scientists close in on when the EoR began and how long it lasted.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-03/Ilc_9yr_moll4096-crop.jpg?itok=uZw1dWfx" width="750" height="375" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>A nine-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) heat map of temperature fluctuations in the CMB (photo by NASA/WMAP)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>When she isnā€™t unpacking the mysteries of distant stars, Ikape is involved in outreach initiatives on the ground.</p> <p>Sheā€™s an instructor with the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.paseaafrica.org/home">Pan-African School for Emerging Astronomers</a>, a bi-annual school for emerging astronomers in Africa that aims to introduce astronomy undergraduate students to research practices and career avenues in the field, and participated in its inaugural program in Zambia in 2022.</p> <p>In Toronto, Ikape was recently a speaker at <a href="https://astronomyontap.org/locations/astronomy-on-tap-t-o/">Astronomy on Tap</a> and has given presentations on astronomy at libraries, high schools and even a long-term care home.</p> <p>ā€œWe are lucky to have students like Margaret at the Dunlap Institute; she combines her scientific curiosity with a passion for sharing what she learns with the broader community and training the next generation of bright minds,ā€ Hložek says.</p> <p>ā€œThe universe fascinates me a lot and Iā€™m super excited every time I think about it," Ikape says. "So I think that everybody should know about it.ā€&nbsp;</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Tue, 26 Mar 2024 18:20:25 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 307020 at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ researcher seeks out new insights on the universe's oldest galaxies /news/u-t-researcher-seeks-out-new-insights-universe-s-oldest-galaxies <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ researcher seeks out new insights on the universe's oldest galaxies</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-02/antwidanso-crop.jpg?h=6a72a64b&amp;itok=v-kU7tvD 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2024-02/antwidanso-crop.jpg?h=6a72a64b&amp;itok=3eP-rPl9 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2024-02/antwidanso-crop.jpg?h=6a72a64b&amp;itok=E4URDz-b 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-02/antwidanso-crop.jpg?h=6a72a64b&amp;itok=v-kU7tvD" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2024-02-08T14:27:46-05:00" title="Thursday, February 8, 2024 - 14:27" class="datetime">Thu, 02/08/2024 - 14:27</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>Jacqueline Antwi-Danso, a postdoctoral researcher with the David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics, is studying massive galaxies that formed ā€œwhen the universe was still just a babyā€ (supplied image)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/chris-sasaki" hreflang="en">Chris Sasaki</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/black" hreflang="en">Black</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/dunlap-institute-astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/indigenous" hreflang="en">Indigenous</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/statistical-sciences" hreflang="en">Statistical Sciences</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">"We're trying to understand why these galaxies formed the way they did and how they became so big so quickly"</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Jacqueline Antwi-Danso</strong>&nbsp;remembers a book from her junior high school library describing how stars are born and how the most massive stars die in gigantic explosions called supernovae.</p> <p>ā€œThe book explained that there were objects out in space that gave off so much energy we could see and study them and make precise observations of their physical properties,ā€ says Antwi-Danso, who credits her parents for nurturing her interest in education and reading while growing up in Ghana. ā€œThat just blew my mind.ā€</p> <p>Today, Antwi-Danso is an NSERC Banting postdoctoral fellow at the University of Torontoā€™s David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics in the Faculty of Arts &amp; Science. Her work focuses on&nbsp;studying massive galaxies that formed ā€œwhen the universe was still just a baby.ā€</p> <p>She is also active in supporting Black, Latinx and Indigenous women who are interested in a career in science.</p> <p>She recently spoke to ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ā€™s <strong>Chris Sasaki</strong> about her career, research and goals.</p> <hr> <p><strong>Was there an important milestone in your journey to becoming an astronomer?</strong></p> <p>After high school, my plan was to take a gap year to figure out if I wanted to stay in Ghana and do something in the sciences at the university level or go elsewhere.</p> <p>Thatā€™s when an opportunity came my way. There was a&nbsp;program run by the American Embassy in Accra for Ghanaian high school students&nbsp;interested in studying in the U.S. It provided mentorship for things like how to apply to schools in the U.S., how to write a good college application and how to select courses. They also helped you think about what you wanted to do in your career.</p> <p>It was a big turning point in my life when I was selected to join the program. Thatā€™s how I learned about opportunities outside of Ghana and realized that if I was going to study astronomy, I would have to leave because we don't have astronomy at the collegiate level. And so, I made my decision to study astronomy at Texas Christian University.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-02/NGC7038-galaxy-crop.jpg?itok=cbMQ226c" width="750" height="713" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>Large, relatively nearby galaxies like this one took billions of years to form. Antwi-Danso is trying to determine how large galaxies in the very distant universe formed in a small fraction of that time (photo by ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA, D. Jones Acknowledgement: G. Anand, L. Shatz.)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p><strong>As an astronomer, what questions are you trying to answer?</strong></p> <p>I study massive galaxies in the very distant universe ā€“ some of the very first structures that formed after the Big Bang nearly 14 billion years ago. We're trying to understand why these galaxies formed the way they did and how they became so big so quickly. Weā€™re finding them at increasingly earlier times, as far back as when the universe was just four per cent of its current age.</p> <p>This goes against our understanding of the hierarchical formation of large structures ā€“ where massive galaxies like our Milky Way galaxy were formed from the merger of galaxies that were formed from stars, which, in turn, formed from clouds of gas and dust.</p> <p>For our galaxy, it took billions of years to attain its current stellar mass. These distant, massive galaxies had only a fraction of the time to go through this process, so we have no idea how they formed so quickly. So, one of two things is happening: either there's something wrong with our observations or we need to revise our current models. That's the big problem I'm working on and Iā€™m actually looking for <a href="https://www.astro.utoronto.ca/2024-surp-projects/">a&nbsp;summer undergraduate&nbsp;student</a>&nbsp;to work on this project.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-02/LUMA_AAS-crop.jpg?itok=fBbTP1gD" width="750" height="563" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>Jacqueline Antwi-Danso speaks to students at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society (supplied image)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p><strong>Youā€™re working to support Black, Indigenous and Latinx women in science. Can you tell me more about that?</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.lumamentoring.com/" target="_blank">The League of Underrepresented Minoritized Astronomers (LUMA)</a> is a peer mentoring organization for women in astronomy, physics and the planetary sciences&nbsp;that was formed in 2015 by <strong>Catherine Espaillat</strong>,<strong>&nbsp;</strong>who is the director of the Institute for Astrophysical Sciences at Boston University. She started LUMA because, as a Dominican American grad student, she felt isolated.</p> <p>There werenā€™t many people in her field who looked like her, with whom she shared backgrounds. So, she created LUMA to be a community of people with similar experiences who could provide each other with support. I joined because I also realized there weren't many people in my field who looked like me. There were even fewer African astronomers. And, like Catherine, I wanted a place where we could come together as a community and support each other.</p> <p><strong>Do have you have plans to do the same type of work here in Canada?</strong></p> <p>I would like to continue this work, so I've been learning about and trying to understand what the Canadian science landscape looks like. I think the challenge in Canada is similar to the challenge that LUMA faces in the U.S. ā€“ there are very few Black, Indigenous or Latinx women in science in either country. So, yes, I would like to do similar work here. I just don't know what that looks like yet.</p> <p><strong>What about in Ghana?</strong></p> <p>One thing that I had in mind was trying to create some sort of pipeline for students in Ghana who might be interested in astronomy and might want to study in the U.S. or Canada. There are challenges, of course, but Iā€™m talking to people who have been involved in similar projects and have found solutions to these challenges. For example, it might mean helping by providing mentorship to students who are already interested in physics and to students who are a little further along in their studies. I'm hopeful there are a number of ways to make this work.</p> <p><strong>How do you feel about receiving the NSERC Banting fellowship?</strong></p> <p>Iā€™m very grateful and humbled to receive it. For me, it represents an exciting opportunity to work independently on my research, especially at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ with all the people in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dunlap.utoronto.ca/">Dunlap Institute (for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics)</a>, the&nbsp;department of astronomy and astrophysics,&nbsp;CITA (<a href="https://www.cita.utoronto.ca/">Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics</a>) and the&nbsp;department of statistical sciences. I feel like ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ is the perfect place for me because Iā€™m combining astronomy with statistics and cosmological simulations to understand these really massive, distant galaxies. Iā€™m having the time of my life, and Iā€™m looking forward to seeing what the next few months will bring.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Thu, 08 Feb 2024 19:27:46 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 305969 at With the launch of its first satellite, student team charts a course to new knowledge /news/launch-its-first-satellite-student-team-charts-course-new-knowledge <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">With the launch of its first satellite, student team charts a course to new knowledge</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-01/UTAT-Space-Systems-HERON-launch-crop.jpg?h=d082dac7&amp;itok=9Wa3UXmZ 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2024-01/UTAT-Space-Systems-HERON-launch-crop.jpg?h=d082dac7&amp;itok=JbfGqxc8 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2024-01/UTAT-Space-Systems-HERON-launch-crop.jpg?h=d082dac7&amp;itok=FhGwd94z 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2024-01/UTAT-Space-Systems-HERON-launch-crop.jpg?h=d082dac7&amp;itok=9Wa3UXmZ" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>rahul.kalvapalle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2024-01-19T12:44:03-05:00" title="Friday, January 19, 2024 - 12:44" class="datetime">Fri, 01/19/2024 - 12:44</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>A Falcon 9 rocket lifts off from Vandenberg Space Force Base on Nov. 11, 2023, carrying a satellite designed and built by the&nbsp;University of Toronto Aerospace Team (photo courtesy of SpaceX)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6738" hreflang="en">Safa Jinje</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/aerospace" hreflang="en">Aerospace</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/electrical-computer-engineering" hreflang="en">Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-applied-science-engineering" hreflang="en">Faculty of Applied Science &amp; Engineering</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/graduate-students" hreflang="en">Graduate Students</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/mechanical-industrial-engineering" hreflang="en">Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/undergraduate-students" hreflang="en">Undergraduate Students</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/utias" hreflang="en">UTIAS</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">ā€œWe worked on this project for so long with such a narrow focus that actually seeing it deployed was very rewardingā€</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Students in the University of Torontoā€™s Faculty of Applied Science &amp; Engineering recently&nbsp;gathered in the basement of the Sandford Fleming Building ā€“ known to many as ā€œThe Pitā€ ā€“ to witness the deployment of HERON Mk. II into space.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>The 3U CubeSat satellite, built and operated by the space systems division of the University of Toronto Aerospace Team (UTAT), was launched into orbit on a Falcon 9 rocket on Nov. 11, 2023 as part of SpaceXā€™s Transporter-9 rideshare mission that lifted off from the Vandenberg Space Force Base near Lompoc, Calif.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>The feat was entirely student funded with support from ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Engineering through student levies and UTAT-led fundraising efforts.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œThe experience of the launch was very surreal,ā€&nbsp;says masterā€™s degree student<strong>&nbsp;Benjamin Nero</strong>, HERONā€™s current mission manger.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œWe worked on this project for so long with such a narrow focus that actually seeing it deployed was very rewarding.ā€&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œThere are any number of things that could go wrong that might prevent a satellite from deploying,ā€&nbsp;adds&nbsp;<strong>Zachary Teper</strong>, a fellow masterā€™s degree candidate<strong>&nbsp;</strong>who is part of the technical development team working on HERONā€™s ground station.&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œSo, watching each of the call outs coming out of the SpaceX mission control, seeing the rocket go up and meet every one of its mission objectives and then finally seeing our satellite get ejected out of the dispenser in the correct trajectory was a big relief&nbsp;ā€“ because we knew that it was finally in space and on the right path.ā€&nbsp;</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-01/UTAT-Space-Systems-team-ground-station-crop.jpg?itok=fBLrHH7z" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>Members of the UTAT space systems division gather on the sixth-floor roof of the Bahen Centre for Information Technology with the fully assembled ground station (photo by UTAT Space Systems)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>Launching HERON ā€“ short for High frequency Educational Radio communications On a Nanosatellite ā€“&nbsp;was the culmination of years of teamwork that brought together the efforts of more than 100 students.&nbsp;</p> <p>HERON Mk. II, the second iteration of UTATā€™s spacecraft, was originally designed and built between 2016 and 2018 for the fourth edition of the <a href="https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/060.nsf/vwapj/CSDCMS.pdf/$file/CSDCMS.pdf">Canadian Satellite Design Challenge</a>.&nbsp;Since space systems division was formed in 2014, many of the students who worked on the initial HERON design and build have since graduated. But the current operations team continued to develop the satellite and renew the student levy that allowed them to secure their space launch.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œThe original objective for HERON was to conduct a biology experiment in space,ā€ says Nero, who joined the team in 2019 during his second year of undergraduate studies.&nbsp;ā€œBut because of delays in the licensing process, we were unable to continue that mission objective. So, we re-scoped and shifted our focus to amateur radio communication and knowledge building.ā€&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-01/5-crop.jpg?itok=pLDFm8_s" width="750" height="422" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>From left to right: HERON Mk. I (2016), HERON Mk. II Prototype (2018), HERON Mk. II Softstack (2020), HERON Mk. II Flight Model (2021) (photos by UTAT Space Systems)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>Once the satelliteā€™s final assembly was completed in 2021, the team began flight model testing and assembling a ground station, while also managing the logistics of the regulatory approvals needed to complete the launch.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œItā€™s difficult to put something in space, both technically and bureaucratically,ā€ says Nero. ā€œThere are a lot of different governments that care about what youā€™re doing and want to know when and how youā€™re doing it.ā€&nbsp;</p> <p>Getting to space was a significant milestone for the team, but itā€™s still only the beginning of their work.&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œThe goal for us as a design team is to start gathering institutional knowledge that we didnā€™t have before,ā€ says&nbsp;<strong>Reid Sox-Harris</strong>, an undergraduate student&nbsp;who is HERONā€™s ground station manager and the electrical lead for UTATā€™s next space mission, FINCH&nbsp;(Field Imaging Nanosatellite for Crop residue Hyperspectral mapping).&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œWeā€™ve never operated a satellite. So, weā€™re taking a lot of lessons learned with us through this process.ā€ā€Æ&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>For example, when a satellite is deployed for the first time, the ground control team only has a rough idea of its movement and eventual location. They must simulate the launch to figure out exactly where it is before they can establish a connection. And when they receive new positional data, they must rerun their simulation.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œWe have to take into account effects such as air resistance, or the sunā€™s solar cycles and the gravitational effects of the sun, the moon and the Earth ā€“ itā€™s a fairly complicated simulation,ā€ Sox-Harris says.&nbsp;<br> <br> Nero adds: ā€œPart of the difficulty with a simulation is that a model is only useful for a certain period. An old estimate could result in as much as a few kilometres of drift from the satelliteā€™s actual position per day.ā€</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2024-01/HERON-gs_937-crop.jpg?itok=FpwF15sA" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>HERONā€™s ground station on the roof of the Bahen Centre (photo by UTAT Space Systems)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>The team was not only tasked with designing a ground station capable of communicating with a satellite more than 500 kilometres away, but one that can survive a frigid and snowy Canadian winter.</p> <p>ā€œFor any project, the most important thing you should be doing is testing,ā€ says second-year student&nbsp;<strong>Swarnava Ghosh</strong>, who primarily works on the ground station software.&nbsp;&nbsp;ā€œOne challenge with our ground station currently is that there are too many variables that are not fully tested ā€“ and everything needs to be perfect in the chain for the communication to work. If the ground station is not pointing in the right direction, we wonā€™t get a signal and we wonā€™t establish communication. And if the amplifier is not working, then we wonā€™t establish communication.ā€ā€Æ&nbsp;</p> <p>The team is confident that they will ultimately resolve any outstanding issues and establish communications with HERON. More importantly, they will be able to take what theyā€™ve learned and apply it to the next&nbsp;mission.</p> <p>ā€œWith FINCH, we want to make sure the&nbsp;ground station software and satellite can communicate on the ground,ā€ says Sox-Harris. ā€œRight now, there are over 500 kilometres between the satellite and ground station, so we canā€™t fly up there and test whether a command has worked.ā€&nbsp;</p> <p>FINCH is set to launch in late 2025 on a rideshare rocket flight. Its&nbsp;current mission objective is to generate hyperspectral imaging maps of crop residue on farm fields in Manitoba from a low-Earth orbit.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>There are many technical developments that are new to FINCH that werenā€™t applicable to HERON, the team says, including a novel optic system for remote sensing that is being developed by students.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œThe risks associated with FINCH are mitigated by the work that is being performed by HERON right now.&nbsp;Weā€™re learning many lessons that&nbsp;will be directly applicable to our next mission, and weā€™ll continue to learn from HERON for at least another year or more,ā€ says Sox-Harris.&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œThis means the FINCH mission can be more complicated, it can move faster and ultimately we can have better reliability, which is something that we always strive for in aerospace.ā€&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Fri, 19 Jan 2024 17:44:03 +0000 rahul.kalvapalle 305347 at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ astronomers discover first population of binary stripped stars /news/u-t-astronomers-discover-first-population-binary-stripped-stars <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ astronomers discover first population of binary stripped stars</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2023-12/Stars-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=RTyKGVJf 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2023-12/Stars-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=RLknA1wL 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2023-12/Stars-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=SuJx6ao5 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2023-12/Stars-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=RTyKGVJf" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>rahul.kalvapalle</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2023-12-20T10:22:31-05:00" title="Wednesday, December 20, 2023 - 10:22" class="datetime">Wed, 12/20/2023 - 10:22</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>Artist's impression of a massive star stripping the hydrogen envelope of its companion star in a binary system (illustration by Navid Marvi, courtesy of the Carnegie Institution for Science)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/authors-reporters/michael-pereira" hreflang="en">Michael Pereira</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/breaking-research" hreflang="en">Breaking Research</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/dunlap-institute-astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/research-and-innovation" hreflang="en">Research and Innovation</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">New findings confirm the existence of hot helium stars long thought to be at the heart of hydrogen-poor supernovae and neutron star mergers</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Astronomers at the University of Toronto have discovered a population of massive stars that have been stripped of their outer hydrogen layer by companion stars.</p> <p>For over a decade, scientists have theorized that approximately one in three massive stars are stripped of their hydrogen envelope in binary systems (systems where two stars are gravitationally bound to one another). Yet, until now, only one possible candidate had been identified.</p> <p>The findings, <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade4970">published in&nbsp;<em>Science</em></a>, shed light on the hot helium stars that are believed to be the origins of hydrogen-poor core-collapse supernovae and neutron star mergers.</p> <p>ā€œIf it turned out that these stars are rare, then our whole theoretical framework for all these different phenomena is wrong, with implications for supernovae, gravitational waves and the light from distant galaxies,ā€ said <strong>Maria Drout</strong>, assistant professor in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.astro.utoronto.ca/">David A. Dunlap department of Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>&nbsp;at the University of Toronto and an associate at the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.dunlap.utoronto.ca/">Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a>.</p> <p>ā€œThis finding shows these stars really do exist.ā€</p> <p>It also opens up possibilities for more detailed research going forward. ā€œFor example, predictions for how many neutron star mergers we should see are dependent on the properties of these stars, such as how much material comes off of them in stellar winds," Drout says. "Now, for the first time, weā€™ll be able to measure that, whereas people have been extrapolating it before."</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2023-12/5_Drout_Magellan-crop.jpg?itok=jVp5lV8H" width="750" height="563" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>Assistant Professor Maria Drout with the Magellan Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory (photo by Tom Holoien/Maria Drout)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>Drout and her colleagues propose that these newly discovered stars will eventually explode as hydrogen-poor supernovae. These star systems are also thought to be necessary to form neutron star mergers.</p> <p>In fact, the researchers believe that a few objects in their current sample are stripped stars with neutron star or blackhole companions. These objects are at the stage immediately before they become double-neutron-star or neutron-star-plus-blackhole systems that could eventually merge.</p> <p>ā€œMany stars are part of a cosmic dance with a partner, orbiting each other in a binary system. Theyā€™re not solitary giants but part of dynamic duos, interacting and influencing each other throughout their lifetimes,ā€ says&nbsp;<strong>Bethany Ludwig</strong>, a PhD student in the David A. Dunlap department of Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics&nbsp;and third author on the paper. ā€œOur work sheds light on these fascinating relationships, revealing a universe that is far more interconnected and active than we previously imagined.</p> <p>ā€œJust as humans are social beings, stars too, especially the massive ones, are rarely alone.ā€</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2023-12/4_ObservingLasCampanas.jpg?itok=3tzQLP6z" width="750" height="563" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>(Left to right):&nbsp; Bethany Ludwig, Anna Oā€™Grady, Maria Drout and Ylva Gƶtberg (all authors on the paper) at the Magellan Telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile (photo by Ylva Gƶtberg)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>As stars evolve and expand to become red giants, the hydrogen at the outer edges of one can be stripped by the gravitational pull of its companion star ā€“ leaving a very hot helium core exposed. The process can take tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of years.</p> <p>Stripped stars are difficult to find because much of the light they emit is outside of the visible light spectrum and can be obstructed by dust in the universe or outshone by their companion stars.</p> <p>Drout and her collaborators began their search in 2016. Having studied hydrogen-poor supernovae during her PhD, Drout set out to find the stripped stars thought to be at the heart of these supernovae during a NASA Hubble postdoctoral fellowship at the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science.</p> <p>The researchers, who include co-author <strong>Ylva Gƶtberg</strong>, assistant professor at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria, later designed a survey to look in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum where extremely hot stars emit most of their light. Using data from the Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope, they collected brightness data for millions of stars in the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, two of the closest galaxies to Earth.</p> <p>Ludwig, who developed the first wide-field UV catalogue of the Magellanic Clouds, used UV photometry to detect systems with unusual UV emissions ā€“ signaling the possible presence of a stripped star.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2023-12/3_LMC_UV_image-crop.jpg?itok=00_wMzrp" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>ā€‹ā€‹ā€‹ā€‹ā€‹The researchers used this ultraviolet dataset of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, the two closest major galaxies to our own, to identify the candidate systems (image by&nbsp;NASA/Swift/S. Immler (Goddard) and M. Siegel (Penn State)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>The team carried out a pilot study of 25 objects, obtaining optical spectroscopy with the Magellan Telescopes at Las Campanas Observatory between 2018 and 2022, and demonstrated that the stars were hot, small, hydrogen-poor, and in binary systems ā€“ all consistent with their model predictions.</p> <p>Currently, the researchers are continuing to study the stars identified in the paper and expanding their search to find more. They will be looking both within our own Milky Way and nearby galaxies with approved programs on the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Telescope, the Magellan Telescopes and the Anglo-Australian Telescope.</p> <p>As part of this publication, all theoretical models and data used to identify these stars have been made public and available to other scientists.</p> <p>Collaborating institutions include the University of Toronto, the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, Max-Planck-Institut fĆ¼r Astrophysik, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics and Steward Observatory.</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Wed, 20 Dec 2023 15:22:31 +0000 rahul.kalvapalle 305043 at Astrophysicist Laurie Rousseau-Nepton discusses Indigenous contributions to her field on CTV's The Social /news/astrophysicist-laurie-rousseau-nepton-discusses-indigenous-contributions-her-field-ctv-s <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Astrophysicist Laurie Rousseau-Nepton discusses Indigenous contributions to her field on CTV's The Social</span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2023-11/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=YgF18Nka 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2023-11/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=owhOtpSo 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2023-11/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=U6mnsvTC 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2023-11/Skype_photo-crop.jpg?h=afdc3185&amp;itok=YgF18Nka" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2023-11-02T12:01:42-04:00" title="Thursday, November 2, 2023 - 12:01" class="datetime">Thu, 11/02/2023 - 12:01</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>(supplied image)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/dunlap-institute-astronomy-astrophysics" hreflang="en">Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/indigenous" hreflang="en">Indigenous</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">"In the Innu culture and many cultures in Canada, we come from the stars and we also return to the stars"</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Astrophysicist&nbsp;<strong>Laurie Rousseau-Nepton</strong> says her research on how&nbsp;stars form and influence each other over generations is an extension of the knowledge passed down to her by her Innu ancestors.</p> <p>"In the Innu culture and many cultures in Canada, we come from the stars and we also return to the stars&nbsp;ā€“ and it's a cycle,ā€ Rousseau-Nepton, an assistant professor at the Dunlap Institute for Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnVHg5C6Q3A">told CTVā€™s The Social</a>.</p> <p>"For me, it makes sense that I'm doing this. It's something that I've actually learned all of my life: to study where we come from.ā€</p> <p>The first Indigenous woman in Canada to earn a PhD in astrophysics, Rousseau-Nepton says the academic community is playing catchup to Indigenous knowledge that has been around for centuries.</p> <p>ā€œI like to think that if scientists maybe 400 years ago would have followed that path right away ā€“ 'Where are we coming from? are we linked to the stars?' ā€“ maybe we would have made those discoveries that are very real that we now know," she said.</p> <p>Rousseau-Nepton appeared on the talk show to discuss<a href="https://www.dunlap.utoronto.ca/inspiring-profile-of-new-dunlap-institute-faculty-member/">&nbsp;the five-part documentary series <em>North Star</em></a>, which chronicles her journey as a resident astronomer at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. The series <a href="https://www.nfb.ca/series/north-star/">can be streamed on the National Film Board of Canada website</a>&nbsp;at no cost.</p> <h3><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnVHg5C6Q3A">Watch the full clip on CTVā€™s The Social</a></h3> <h3><a href="http://www.nfb.ca/series/north-star/">Watch <em>North Star</em></a></h3> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Thu, 02 Nov 2023 16:01:42 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 304202 at How one ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ PhD student's dream of exploring space took flight on a balloon /news/how-one-u-t-phd-student-s-dream-exploring-space-took-flight-balloon <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">How one ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ PhD student's dream of exploring space took flight on a balloon </span> <div class="field field--name-field-featured-picture field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="eager" srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2023-09/5---SuperBIT-Team-Selfie-crop.jpg?h=2c2a187a&amp;itok=wZeAdXq9 370w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_740/public/2023-09/5---SuperBIT-Team-Selfie-crop.jpg?h=2c2a187a&amp;itok=DP3h7awK 740w, /sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_1110/public/2023-09/5---SuperBIT-Team-Selfie-crop.jpg?h=2c2a187a&amp;itok=V6Q6NWgY 1110w" sizes="(min-width:1200px) 1110px, (max-width: 1199px) 80vw, (max-width: 767px) 90vw, (max-width: 575px) 95vw" width="740" height="494" src="/sites/default/files/styles/news_banner_370/public/2023-09/5---SuperBIT-Team-Selfie-crop.jpg?h=2c2a187a&amp;itok=wZeAdXq9" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"><span>Christopher.Sorensen</span></span> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden"><time datetime="2023-09-29T14:57:56-04:00" title="Friday, September 29, 2023 - 14:57" class="datetime">Fri, 09/29/2023 - 14:57</time> </span> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-cutline-long field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Cutline</div> <div class="field__item"><p><em>Emaad Paracha, right, snaps a selfie with the SuperBIT team in New Zealand (supplied image)</em></p> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-author-reporters field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6880" hreflang="en">Coby Zucker</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-topic field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Topic</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/topics/our-community" hreflang="en">Our Community</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-story-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/faculty-arts-science" hreflang="en">Faculty of Arts &amp; Science</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/news/tags/space" hreflang="en">Space</a></div> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-subheadline field--type-string-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Subheadline</div> <div class="field__item">Emaad Paracha was a key member of the team that launched the Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope, known as&nbsp;SuperBIT,&nbsp;earlier this year</div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p><strong>Emaad Paracha</strong>'s fascination with outer space began at a young age ā€“&nbsp;he even studied Russian in high school as itā€™s required by NASA to become an astronaut.</p> <p>And his journey of exploration is only beginning.</p> <p>Now a PhD student in the&nbsp;<a href="https://sites.physics.utoronto.ca/barthnetterfield">Balloon Astrophysics Group</a>&nbsp;at the University of Toronto, Paracha often finds himself liaising directly with the U.S. space agency as he works on some of the fieldā€™s biggest challenges.</p> <p>Working with supervisor <strong>Barth Netterfield</strong>, a professor in the David A. Dunlap department of astronomy and astrophysics in the Faculty of Arts &amp; Science, Paracha was a key member of the team that launched the <a href="https://sites.physics.utoronto.ca/bit">Super-pressure Balloon-borne Imaging Telescope, known as&nbsp;SuperBIT</a>,&nbsp;earlier this year.</p> <p><a href="/news/first-space-images-captured-balloon-borne-telescope">The telescopeā€™s mission was a success</a>, and the images it collected will help astrophysicists further our understanding of dark matter and the formation of the universe.</p> <p>ā€œI never really thought once I was graduating that I'd be doing a project like this,ā€ says Paracha, who completed a masterā€™s degree in physics at ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ and a bachelorā€™s degree in science from ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ Scarborough.</p> <div class="align-center"> <div class="field field--name-field-media-oembed-video field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item"><iframe src="/media/oembed?url=https%3A//youtu.be/sZXtyfdjbpY%3Fsi%3DhY-6NFLG4BLLBk6w&amp;max_width=0&amp;max_height=0&amp;hash=M-iwZReomNUIET3ZT0mB3IpZgYkERmld-89OpzgE8b0" width="200" height="113" class="media-oembed-content" loading="eager" title="Building the SuperBIT Telescope: Floating to the Edge of Space with NASA in Search of Dark Matter"></iframe> </div> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Paracha's responsibilities on the project were varied, from helping build the hardware to writing flight code. Some of his biggest contributions to SuperBIT were working on its autopilot mode, which allowed SuperBIT to take images automatically based on the time and its location, as well as a file program that downloaded images to Earth.</p> <p>He also helped implement SpaceX's Starlink connectivity for the first time on any balloon mission in the world.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-right"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/2023-09/2---Old-Picture-at-NASA-Cape-Canaveral-crop.jpg" width="300" height="375" alt="&quot;&quot;"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>A 14-year-old Paracha in Cape Canaveral (supplied image)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>With experience in coding, mathematics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, cloud development and more, Paracha credits his two ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ degrees for giving him the knowledge and skills he needs to perform his work.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>ā€œAll the tools and resources that ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ and ĄĻĖ¾»śÖ±²„ professors have provided, especially the&nbsp;department of physics, have been really helpful,ā€ he says. ā€œIt's been great. Thereā€™s a reason why I've been here so long.ā€</p> <p>Netterfield, his supervisor, says Paracha is a key member of the team.</p> <p>ā€œEmaad is self-motivated, which means you donā€™t have to push him and that pushing doesnā€™t do any good,ā€ he says. ā€œHe has lots of cool, interesting ideas and ways of doing things, and generally adds a lot of character to the group.ā€</p> <p>In February 2023, Paracha and the SuperBIT team travelled to Wānaka, New Zealand to build, test and launch the telescope. It was the culmination of years of work ā€“ with no guarantee the launch would actually take place given strict safety protocols and varying weather conditions.</p> <p>ā€œI just had in my mind that there was a 70 per cent chance it was going to be scrapped,ā€ Paracha says. ā€œEventually it came to the point where we were just waiting and waiting and waiting.ā€</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2023-09/3---SuperBITLaunchPad-crop.jpg?itok=c_2Y37Xj" width="750" height="500" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>SuperBIT rests on the launchpad (supplied image)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>After 13 long hours, SuperBIT was lifted into near space by a&nbsp;NASA Super Pressure balloon&nbsp;that, when fully inflated, is larger than a football stadium. There, it began its mission of photographing distant galaxy clusters.</p> <p>ā€œIt was just a really big relief,ā€ Paracha says. ā€œBut also the feeling that the real work begins now.ā€</p> <p>Working on balloon-borne telescopes comes with both highs and lows. Forty days into its 100-day journey, SuperBIT was brought down before it could drift over Antarctica. Because of the hilly area and windy conditions on the day of the termination, it was dragged for kilometres along rocky terrain.</p> <p>Paracha was part of the team that travelled to the Patagonia Desert, on the southern tip of Argentina, a full dayā€™s drive from the nearest city, for the bittersweet job of recovering what remained of SuperBIT.</p> <p>ā€œThe telescope was in shambles,ā€ Paracha says. ā€œBut the good thing is we were able to get our data back.ā€</p> <p>While SuperBIT will never launch again, the data it collected will help astrophysicists use a process called weak lensing ā€“ studying how light bends around distant galactic clusters ā€“ to make inferences about dark matter that could improve our cosmological model of the universe.</p> <figure role="group" class="caption caption-drupal-media align-center"> <div> <div class="field field--name-field-media-image field--type-image field--label-hidden field__item"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/scale_image_750_width_/public/2023-09/10---Tarantula-Nebula-crop.jpg?itok=MtAMKz4D" width="750" height="502" alt="&quot;&quot;" class="image-style-scale-image-750-width-"> </div> </div> <figcaption><em>Tarantula Nebula, as taken by SuperBIT (supplied image)</em></figcaption> </figure> <p>The more immediate result of SuperBITā€™s demise is that it clears the way for Netterfield and Parachaā€™s next project: GigaBIT. The next generation telescope will improve in many ways on SuperBIT. It aims to rival the resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope with a much wider field of view.</p> <p>ā€œEmaad is the last man standing. Heā€™s the only one of my students continuing with GigaBIT,ā€ Netterfield says. ā€œIf I had to guess, it's because he enjoys the work with an open hand, not a closed fist, whereas my existence is tied up with this thing succeeding.ā€</p> <p>The plan is to fly GigaBIT in five years. Paracha will have already completed his doctorate by then&nbsp;ā€“ and is keeping his options open when it comes to next steps. He says he sees himself using his SuperBIT and tech industry experience and to move into the field of space technology, where he wants to play a pivotal role in developing tools that push the boundaries of human exploration and scientific understanding.</p> <p>ā€œThere are so many different problems I want to solve in space tech, like communications, better edge computing and computer architecture design, and both software and hardware design,ā€ Paracha says. ā€œSo that's the path I want to take.ā€</p> <p>Above all else, Paracha hasnā€™t lost sight of the goal heā€™s had since he was a teenager: becoming an astronaut. In his downtime, Paracha loves to travel and photograph iconic landmarks featured on currency of different countries. So far, he's visited 10 countries and taken more than 60 pictures, showcasing them on his&nbsp;website. He already has in mind the finale for the project.</p> <p>ā€œIf you look on the back of a Canadian five-dollar bill, it's the Canadarm in space and an astronaut,ā€ Paracha says. ā€œSo maybe I'll go there and take a picture with that.ā€</p> </div> <div class="field field--name-field-news-home-page-banner field--type-boolean field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">News home page banner</div> <div class="field__item">Off</div> </div> Fri, 29 Sep 2023 18:57:56 +0000 Christopher.Sorensen 303196 at